01 手動(dòng)變速箱（MT）

01 Manual Transmission (MT)

說(shuō)到變速箱，歷史悠久的當(dāng)數(shù)手動(dòng)變速箱。手動(dòng)變速箱又叫手動(dòng)變速器（MT），還能稱之為機(jī)械式變速器，手動(dòng)變速箱的特點(diǎn)就是必須通過(guò)撥動(dòng)擋把（變速桿）才能改變變速器內(nèi)的齒輪嚙合位置，改變傳動(dòng)比，從而達(dá)到變速的目的。

When it comes to gearboxes, the oldest is undoubtedly the manual gearbox. Manual transmission, also known as manual transmission (MT) or mechanical transmission, is characterized by the need to shift the gear lever to change the meshing position of the gears inside the transmission, adjust the transmission ratio, and achieve the purpose of shifting.

雖然說(shuō)現(xiàn)在的車型越來(lái)越接近平民化，造車的趨勢(shì)偏向便捷化，手動(dòng)變速箱也在這樣的趨勢(shì)下逐漸被取代。但是，手動(dòng)變速箱在賽車領(lǐng)域和部分消費(fèi)人群中，主導(dǎo)地位依舊堅(jiān)挺，就連一些跑車也依然沿用手動(dòng)變速箱。

Although current car models are becoming increasingly popular and the trend in car manufacturing is towards convenience, manual transmissions are gradually being replaced in this trend. However, manual transmissions still hold a dominant position in the racing industry and among some consumer groups, even some high-end sports cars still use manual transmissions.

02手自一體變速箱（AMT）

02Automated Manual Transmission (AMT)

AMT（Automated Mechanical Transmission）變速箱可以理解為半自動(dòng)變速箱，在自動(dòng)變速箱還沒(méi)有大面積推廣的時(shí)期，半自動(dòng)變速箱也是一款被普遍應(yīng)用的變速箱。手動(dòng)擋操作原理就是根據(jù)車速來(lái)自行調(diào)節(jié)擋位，以此來(lái)迎合車輛不同速度下所需要的轉(zhuǎn)速。而AMT變速箱（自動(dòng)離合手動(dòng)變速箱）的出現(xiàn)則是為了智能化手動(dòng)變速箱的操作原理。AMT變速箱能根據(jù)車速、油門、駕駛員命令等參數(shù)，確定擋位，控制原來(lái)由駕駛員人工完成的離合器分離與接合、換擋手柄的退擋與掛擋以及發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的油門開(kāi)度的同步調(diào)節(jié)等操作過(guò)程，終實(shí)現(xiàn)換擋過(guò)程的操縱自動(dòng)化。在自動(dòng)化的同時(shí)，還保持了手動(dòng)變速箱所具備的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。

AMT (Automated Mechanical Transmission) gearbox can be understood as a semi-automatic gearbox. During the period when automatic transmissions were not widely promoted, semi-automatic transmissions were also a widely used gearbox. The principle of manual transmission operation is to adjust the gear according to the vehicle speed, in order to meet the required speed of the vehicle at different speeds. The emergence of AMT gearbox (automatic clutch manual gearbox) is aimed at the operation principle of intelligent manual gearbox. The AMT gearbox can determine the optimal gear based on parameters such as vehicle speed, throttle, and driver commands, and control the manual processes of clutch disengagement and engagement, gear shift lever disengagement and engagement, and synchronous adjustment of engine throttle opening, ultimately achieving automation of the shifting process. While automating, it also maintains the advantages of manual transmissions.

03 液力自動(dòng)變速箱（AT）

03 Hydraulic Automatic Transmission (AT)

液力自動(dòng)變速箱（以下簡(jiǎn)稱：AT變速箱），相信對(duì)很多人來(lái)說(shuō)都比較熟悉，常看到的6AT、8AT變速箱甚是9AT變速箱，而這些數(shù)字則是代表該變速箱擁有的擋數(shù)。AT變速箱是由液力變扭器、行星齒輪和液壓操縱系統(tǒng)組成，通過(guò)液力傳遞和齒輪組合的方式來(lái)達(dá)到變速變矩。其中液力變扭器是自動(dòng)變速箱重要的部件，它由泵輪、渦輪和導(dǎo)輪等構(gòu)件組成，兼有傳遞扭矩和離合的作用。國(guó)內(nèi)使用的自動(dòng)變擋變速箱，一般來(lái)說(shuō)都是AT變速箱。

Hydraulic automatic transmission (hereinafter referred to as AT transmission), I believe many people are familiar with it, commonly seen 6-speed automatic transmission, 8-speed automatic transmission, and even 9-speed automatic transmission, and these numbers represent the number of gears that the transmission has. The AT gearbox is composed of a hydraulic torque converter, planetary gears, and a hydraulic control system, which achieves variable speed and torque through hydraulic transmission and gear combination. The hydraulic torque converter is the most important component of an automatic transmission, consisting of pump wheels, turbine wheels, and guide wheels, and has the functions of transmitting torque and clutch. The automatic transmission used in China is generally an AT transmission.

04?無(wú)極變速箱（CVT）

04? Continuously variable transmission (CVT)

CVT（Continuously Variable Transmission）變速箱又被稱為電控?zé)o級(jí)變速器，從名字中就可以聽(tīng)出，這種變速箱沒(méi)有擋位等級(jí)之分，它在設(shè)計(jì)上完全擺脫了齒輪結(jié)構(gòu)，依靠錐輪和鋼帶完成動(dòng)力傳遞。這種結(jié)構(gòu)能夠連續(xù)改變傳動(dòng)比，不管在任何速度下，都能夠保證車輛處于相對(duì)合適的轉(zhuǎn)速，燃油經(jīng)濟(jì)性更好。按照結(jié)構(gòu)不同，

The CVT (Continuously Variable Transmission) gearbox, also known as an electronically controlled continuously variable transmission, has no gear level distinction. Its design completely eliminates the gear structure and relies on bevel wheels and steel strips to complete power transmission. This structure can continuously change the transmission ratio, ensuring that the vehicle is at a relatively suitable speed at any speed, resulting in better fuel economy. According to different structures,

05?雙離合變速箱（DCT）

05? Dual clutch transmission (DCT)

DCT雙離合變速箱，也有人稱之為DSG（直接換擋變速器）），簡(jiǎn)單來(lái)說(shuō)就是有兩套離合器在同時(shí)工作，一套管理單數(shù)的齒輪，而另一套則管理雙數(shù)的齒輪。這樣的設(shè)計(jì)是為了避免傳統(tǒng)手動(dòng)擋換擋時(shí)中斷動(dòng)力的問(wèn)題，之所以手動(dòng)擋換擋時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)動(dòng)力中斷，是因?yàn)殡x合器要中斷馬力進(jìn)行齒輪切換，以達(dá)到轉(zhuǎn)換轉(zhuǎn)速的效果，而雙離合的原理就是準(zhǔn)備好另外一套離合器隨時(shí)準(zhǔn)備接替，時(shí)間換上不同的齒輪改變轉(zhuǎn)速，以此來(lái)?yè)Q擋時(shí)馬力中斷的問(wèn)題。雙離合變速箱根據(jù)不同的冷卻方式又可以分為“干式”和“濕式”。其中，干式雙離合變速箱采用風(fēng)冷方式散熱，散熱能力有限，所以這種變速箱并不適合于暴力加速。濕式雙離合變速箱由于加入了油冷技術(shù)，所以變速箱的散熱性相對(duì)要高很多，即便是遇到堵車路段和暴力加速，變速箱也不會(huì)出現(xiàn)高溫狀態(tài)，整個(gè)變速箱的質(zhì)量穩(wěn)定相比干式雙離合變速箱故障率要低很多。

DCT dual clutch transmission, also known as DSG (direct shift transmission), is simply two sets of clutches working simultaneously, one managing odd numbered gears and the other managing even numbered gears. This design is to avoid the problem of power interruption during traditional manual gear shifting. The reason why power interruption occurs during manual gear shifting is that the clutch needs to interrupt horsepower for gear switching to achieve the effect of converting speed. The principle of dual clutch is to prepare another set of clutch ready to take over at any time, and change different gears to change speed at the first time, in order to solve the problem of horsepower interruption during gear shifting. Dual clutch transmissions can be divided into "dry" and "wet" types based on different cooling methods. Among them, the dry dual clutch transmission adopts air cooling for heat dissipation, which has limited heat dissipation capacity, so this type of transmission is not suitable for violent acceleration. Due to the addition of oil cooling technology, the wet dual clutch transmission has relatively higher heat dissipation. Even in congested roads and violent acceleration, the transmission will not experience high temperatures. The overall quality of the transmission is stable, and the failure rate of the dry dual clutch transmission is much lower.

06?序列式變速箱（SMG）

06? Sequential Transmission (SMG)

除了以上這些變速箱之外，還有一種變速箱叫SMG（Sequential Manual Gearbox）序列式變速箱?？赡芎芏嗯笥讯际锹?tīng)說(shuō)它的名字，其實(shí)這并不奇怪，因?yàn)樾蛄惺阶兯傧錁O少在出廠的量產(chǎn)車中使用，大部分序列式變速箱都是通過(guò)后期改裝升級(jí)完成的。是一種基于手動(dòng)變速箱的變速箱形式，變速箱內(nèi)部還是由齒輪嚙合傳送動(dòng)力，和手動(dòng)變速箱相比，換擋的時(shí)候不需要踩離合，離合只在起步、停車時(shí)用，而且擋位清晰，只需往后拉或向前推即可完成換擋(這點(diǎn)和普通AT變速箱有區(qū)別，后面介紹)，減少了掛錯(cuò)檔的概率。

In addition to the above mentioned gearboxes, there is another type of gearbox called SMG (Sequential Manual Gearbox). Many friends may have heard of its name for the first time, but this is not surprising because sequential transmissions are rarely used in mass-produced cars. Most sequential transmissions are completed through later modifications and upgrades. It is a transmission form based on manual gearbox, and the power is still transmitted through gear meshing inside the gearbox. Compared with manual gearbox, there is no need to step on the clutch when shifting gears. The clutch is only used for starting and stopping, and the gears are clear. Simply pull back or push forward to complete the shift (this is different from ordinary AT gearbox, which will be introduced later), reducing the probability of shifting to the wrong gear.

這類變速箱因采用直齒設(shè)計(jì)而非手動(dòng)變速箱的斜齒，所以能承受更大的載荷，且傳輸效率更高，這類變速箱對(duì)駕駛?cè)藛T的技術(shù)要求較高，要求有精準(zhǔn)的換擋時(shí)機(jī)，所以經(jīng)常用于賽車，優(yōu)化改良后用于高性能跑車，經(jīng)常搭載在寶馬M系列上(如今已被DSG取代)。

This type of gearbox can withstand larger loads and has higher transmission efficiency due to its straight tooth design instead of the helical teeth of a manual gearbox. It requires higher technical requirements for drivers and precise shifting timing, so it is often used in racing cars and optimized for high-performance sports cars. It is often mounted on the BMW M series (now replaced by DSG).

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